China's 'Three-Anti' Legal Framework Impacting Cross-Border Operations

China is increasingly utilizing its 'Three-Anti' legal suite—comprising the Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law, the Rules on Counteracting Unjustified Extraterritorial Application of Foreign Laws, and the Anti-Espionage Law—to challenge Western sanctions and long-arm jurisdiction. This shift forces multinational firms to navigate conflicting compliance requirements between Beijing and Western capitals, creating significant operational uncertainty. The framework represents a structural hardening of China's defensive legal posture against external economic and political pressure.