Polar Vortex and El Niño Could Bring Cold Spells to Europe This Winter

Climatologist Roxana Bojariu outlines how the Polar Vortex and El Niño may drive episodic cold and snow in parts of Europe this winter, while initial forecasts suggest a milder first half for most of the continent. The net seasonal outcome remains uncertain, hinging on stratospheric dynamics and ocean-atmosphere coupling. This matters for energy demand and infrastructure planning across Europe.