Peru: Only 66 miners formalized in two years; tribunal weighs criminal liability shift

Peru's Reinfo program has formalized only 66 miners in two years, a fraction of the informal sector, as the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the legality of the registry's last expansion. The court is also deliberating whether miners will retain criminal liability exemptions under the new MAPE formalization regime. The outcome will determine the legal status of thousands of informal miners and could affect mining output and social conflicts in mineral-rich regions.

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